the overall rise of conservative

the Hijrah movement saw the rise of Quran recitation groups, widespread adoption of Muslim clothing such as the hijab (veil), and a significant increase in interest in Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages.[16] In this context, a 2021 study by PPIM UIN Jakarta[17] suggests that the Hijrah movement was perceived positively by a large share of the online audience for its focus on self-improvement grounded in Islamic principles. At the same time, the Hijrah trend often reinforces conservative norms and values[18] and therefore can be seen as part of the overall rise of conservative Islam in post-Reform Indonesia However, it lacks a clear and unified institutional foundation.[19] It is argued that Hijrah followers embody what Indonesian scholar Kuntowijoyo describes as ‘Muslims Without Mosques’.[20] Unlike traditional santri, who gain Islamic knowledge through long-established institutions like pesantren or madrasa สล็อต